While a written employment contract is not mandatory, employers have to provide employees with a signed document outlining the essential conditions of the employment no later than one month after the start of the employment relationship. In practice, a written employment contract that contains the terms of the employee's compensation, benefits, and termination requirements is standard. The salary and any compensation amounts should be stated in Euro rather than a foreign currency. An offer letter is not common in Germany and often causes difficulties in determining whether it is already binding.
The employer must provide employees with payslips containing information about tax deductions and social security contributions, along with total earnings for the pay period. Online payslips are also acceptable.
According to the Safety and Health at Work Act (Arbeitsschutzgesetz), employers must assess working conditions to figure out what health and safety measures they should take.
The aspects they should look into include:
The risk assessment must reflect all activities involved and include any potential physical or psychological stress. After the evaluation, the employer must take all necessary protective measures to avoid the risks. Employers are responsible for ensuring that occupational safety and health is integrated into workplace procedures. Employees can request that the employer inform them about the health risks involved in the job.
For companies over 20 people, a qualified officer should be assigned to ensure compliance with occupational safety and health throughout the organisation. Violations can result in fines, claims for damages, and criminal charges.
Employees can request a reduction in their working time, but a few conditions need to be met:
In addition, the employees should not have asked for a reduction of hours within the last two years and should give at least three months notice for their current request.
The government introduced "bridge part-time" legislation in 2019, which limits the reduction of working time to a set period (between one and five years).
According to the Equal Treatment Act (AGG), employment relationship discrimination is prohibited based on:
However, discrimination and harassment are forbidden regardless, even outside of those characteristics.
Discrimination is any form of unequal treatment, with a few distinct types recognised by German employment:
Not every instance of unequal treatment is seen as discrimination. Discriminatory treatment can be justified if the employer shows important and vital work-related requirements.
The German Termination Protection Act offers employees maximum protection against unfair dismissal. It restricts termination of employment if the employee has been with the company for more than six months.
Termination is only possible based on:
The employer must give a written, signed notice of termination (original is required with scan, telefax, photocopy or similar, not seen as sufficient) and observe the applicable notice period. The employer does not have to list the particular reason for termination in the termination letter. If a company lays off a lot of employees at once, prior approval by the employment office is required.
Superior protection against unlawful dismissal is extended to handicapped employees, as well as pregnant employees or employees on parental leave. In these cases, employers need to get prior approval from German authorities, which is usually very difficult to obtain. Another special protection is extended to the members of the works council (Betriebsrat) of the company.
The German Termination Protection Act doesn't apply to companies with ten employees or less.
The EU regulation GDPR applies in Germany, granting the right to privacy and the right to determine who is to receive personal data. The employer can process personal data for:
Employee personal data may be processed when investigating criminal offences only if there is a documented reason to believe the employee has committed a crime while employed, the processing of such data is necessary to investigate the crime, and it is not outweighed by the individual's legitimate interest in not processing it (in particular the type and extent are not disproportionate to the reason).
Even when consent has been given from an employee, it still needs to be assessed whether they gave that consent voluntarily. That assessment includes looking into the circumstances and dependencies that the employee has when it comes to having an employment relationship.
Consent is voluntary when the employee has a legal or commercial benefit or when the employer and the employee's interests are aligned. Employees should consent to the collection of their personal information in writing unless due to the circumstances, another form makes sense.
Employee personal data may also be collected based on collective bargaining agreements or council works agreements. The processing of special categories of personal data, such as health data, is subject to additional protection.
If a business transfer occurs, the employees are automatically transferred along with the business and their years of service are carried over as well. The new employer assumes all rights and duties for them.
Employees affected by the business transfer must be notified comprehensively about certain aspects of the transfer before it happens. The employees have the right to object to the transfer within one month of receipt of this information. If an employee objects to the transfer, their employment continues with the old employer. The new employer's right to terminate the employment is subject to the general termination protection laws.
A statutory right to severance exists only in particular cases, such as mass layoffs or a collective bargaining agreement. Before implementing a collective dismissal, the employer is obliged to inform and consult with the works council and to notify the Federal Employment Agency if:
In practice, to avoid lengthy court proceedings employers and employees often agree on severance pay. This severance is usually 50% of the monthly salary for each year of service. This, however, can vary depending on the strength of the case for dismissal and the previous practice of the employer. Severance payment is also often part of a settlement agreement in court if the employer and the employee couldn't come to a mutual agreement.
Employees have three weeks to bring action to the court.
To find out about all statutory benefits in Germany as well as how leading employers enhance them, download our benefits benchmark infographic.
If an employee cannot perform their contractual duties because of physical or mental incapacity, they are relieved from work. They need to inform the employer immediately and provide a medical certificate if their illness requires them to be absent for more than three consecutive days. The employer is obliged to continue paying the employee in full for six weeks. In case the employee develops a different illness, the six-week-period restarts even if it is within the same period.
All employees have the right to join a union or a works council. Unions negotiate collective labour agreements with the companies that feature aspects such as working time, wages, and work-related decisions. Trade union representatives support employees and works councils, but do not have participation rights within a company.
In companies that have more than five employees, the workers can elect a works council. It represents the employees and negotiates, cooperates and consults with the employer in situations such as new employee hiring, place of business changes, business closures, mass layoffs, and other. Employees have the right to be represented by a works council and gain access to information on the employer.
